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01 Intro

Overall View of Computer Engineering

flowchart TB
app -->
algo[Algorithm] -->
pl[Programming Language] -->
osvm[Operating System/<br />Virtual Machine] -->
isa["ISA<br />(Instruction Set Architeture)"] -->
ma[Microarchitecture] -->
rtl[Register-Transfer Level] -->
g[Gates] -->
c[Circuits] -->
d[Devices] -->
p[Physics]
subgraph app[Application]
    direction TB
    sd[Software Development]
    AI
    ml[Machine Learning]
end

subgraph Computer Science
    algo
    pl
end

subgraph Computer Architecture
    isa
    ma
    rtl
end

subgraph Digital Design
    g
    c
    d
    p
end

MIPS

Microprocessors without Interlocked Pipelined Stages

Architecture Organization
Describes ___ computer does what how
Role Interface b/w hardware & software Way comuper components are connected in a system
Programmer’s View Instructions
Addressing Modes
Registers		 Realization of architecture
(Circuit Design, signals, peripherals)

CISC vs RISC

CISC RISC
Full Form Complex Instruction Set Computing Reduced Instruction Set Computing
Gives importance to Hardware Software
Can access memory directly? ✅ ❌
(requires registers)
Coding Instructions Simple Complex
Machine Instructions Complex Simple
Clock cyles for executing an instruction Multiple \(1\)
Complexity lies in Microprogram Compiler

Microprogram

It is a microinstruction program that controls the functions of a central processing unit or peripheral controller of a computer

Microcode is low-level code that defines how a microprocessor should function when it executes machine-language instructions.

Typically, one machine-language instruction translates into several microcode instructions

Class of Computers

Computer Class Purpose Characteristic Size
Personal General Cost/Performance Tradeoff Small
Server Network Based High Capacity
High Performance
High Reliability		 Small-Building Size
Super Scientific calculations
(weather forecasting, oil exploration)		 Highest capacity
Embedded Embedded within systems
(Digital TVs, cameras)
Specific application		 Stringent power/performance/cost constraints Small
Datacenters Storage and retrieval of data High performance

Levels of Computing System

levels

Level
Application Software Written in High Level Language
System Software Compiler
OS
Hardware Processor
Memory
I/O Controllers

Levels of Program Code

  • Machine Language
  • Assembly
  • High-Level

Components of Computer

image-20221106165730510 | Component | | | --------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | | Input | Write data to memory
(from user) | | Output | Read data from memory
(to user) | | Registers | | | Cache | Small fast SRAM | | Datapath | Performs data operations | | Control | sends signals that determine operations of datapath, memory, I/O |

ISA

Instruction Set Architecture

Interface between hardware and lowest level of software

Includes information necessary (instructions, registers, memory access, I/O, and so on) to write a machine language program that will run correctly

ABI

Application Binary Interface

Combination of the basic instruction set and the operating system interface

Last Updated: 2023-01-25 ; Contributors: AhmedThahir

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