Introduction¶
Network of physical objects embedded with electronics, software, sensors and network connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data
Parts¶
flowchart LR
start((" ")) -->
|Input Signal| Sensor -->
Processor -->
Actuator -->
|Output Signal| stop(" ")- Sensor and actuators are transducers
- Transducers convert signal from one form to another
- Microphones: sound to electrical
- Speaker: electrical to sound
- Antenna: electromagnetic to electricity and vice-versa
- Strain gauge: strain to electrical
Applications¶
- Wearable tech
- Healthcare devices
- Smart appliances
Signals¶
| Digital | Analog | |
|---|---|---|
| Type | Binary (0/1) | Continuous (Usually 0-5v or 0-3.3v) |
| Usually mapped to digital 0-255 or 0-1023 | ||
| Example | On/off LED | Pulse-Width Modulation - Intensity of light - Brightness of LED - Speed of Motor |
Standard Controllers for IoT¶
| Arduino | Node MCU | Raspberry Pi | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type | RISC | RISC | CISC |
| Size of Projects | Embedded Systems | Small-Size | Large-Size |
| Cost | |||
| WiFi | ❌ Need external ESP8266 module | ✅ | ✅ |
| Programming | C++ | C++ Lua | Python Java C++ |
| Flash Memory | 32 KB | 128 MB | - |
| GPIO General Purpose I/O | 13 | 10 | 17 |
| ADC Meaning | 6 | 1 | 0 |
| Operating Voltage | 5 v | 3.3 v | 5 v |
| Clock Speed | 16 MHz | 26-52 MHz | 1.2 GHz |
| Supported Wifi Bands | 2.4 GHz | 2.4 GHz | 2.4 GHz 5 GHz (RPi 4 only) |
CPS¶
Cyber-Physical Systems